Despite trying to alienate HBCU (historically black college and university) critics' enormous achievements, it has played an important role in the history of American education. At the same time, even though these critics have doubts about the relevance to the 21st century America, HBCU remains important and indispensable as before.
Cheney State University (originally a young adolescent research institute founded after Richard Humphries (1750-1832)) said that the first HBCU took place before the civil war (1861-1865) mobilized by the race riot in 1829 Founded Philadelphia, Pennsylvania employed the first HBCU in Philadelphia in 1837, and in 1854 employed Lincoln University (originally Ashman Institute) near Philadelphia (a school for offspring of African competition) John Miller Dickey (1806-1878) as the first HBCU to provide higher education for art and science for black men for $ 10,000 black men to create, the first private HBCU at the Subway Stop (Ohio in 1856, William Force (founded by a member of the Methodist director church named after the abolitionist William Wilberforce of the 18th century (1759-1833) ) Has been regarded as "dangerous" for society to learn was illegal. Blac to teach that to the reading in the "black. [1]
Therefore, before the start of the Civil War, the literacy rate of blacks exceeded 95%, and the majority of literatians concentrated in the northeast. Furthermore, because there is no school to cope with intellectual needs, Mr. Black who was in the Civil War era was taught self-taught.
After the Civil War, the first HBCU era (1865-1915) began when the law prohibiting black education was abolished. Although the ambiguity and full hostility translated into the Jim Crow tribe segregation law that was enacted in 1924 and maintained until 1965 remained in the defeated southern part, the number of HBCU exploded did.
Along with overwhelming demand for education by liberated slaves and their families (not yet damaged) which hampered the achievement of white institutions including the majority of the northern part of the 1950s and 1960s, HBCUs (church, Missionary, philanthropist) probably began the greatest educational change in history. Kenneth Ning (Kenneth Ng) of the 1880-1910 (Educational Policy Analysis Archive on May 13, 2001), Redistribution of Wealth, Race and South Public School of the population of more than 4 million of the former enslaved , "The outcome of black education was fundamental.The literacy rate of blacks increased to 10% in 1880, 50% in 1910, and 70% in 1915. Blacks attended double, inferior, and unpaid Thanks to HBCU's efforts, such as Presse Ferguson (1896) racist differentiated school, and the overwhelming southern racial law of the times, establishing a realistically resolved "separate but equal" doctrine The outcome was miraculous.Ng's word is "outcome rarely seen in human history".
An amazing rise in black literacy, Plessy v. It was mainly by HBCU, not in elementary school and junior high school founded under Ferguson, or in connection therewith. Prior to the 20th century, many of HBCU had to provide primary and secondary education and university preparation courses, but university students focused only on black males (eg Morehouse College in Atlanta in 1867 HBCU (recently ranked # 1 like Spelman College founded in the basement of the church in Atlanta, Georgia, 1829) is generally established as a single post until 1900 In January 1991, President George HW Bush said, "After many schools graduate, black Americans, these colleges are the best for higher education and often We offered the only opportunity.
Following the substantial progress of black literacy, the second HBCU era (1916-1969) focused on nurturing black experts and middle classes. Despite their serious obstacles, their efforts. A small number of black people have resources to use these experts, and a few white people were interested in their service. During this period, HBCUs celebrating the history and donation of Ronald Roach, Black Coresges (Black Issues, 21 October 2004) to enable Blacks to realize economic benefits from that degree are available from liberal arts Educator, author, actor, Booker · Washington (1856-1915), Hampton University (Hampton, VA) graduate who recognized the best opportunity for Blacks to "achieve equality" in industrial and volunteer education, Former president of the University of Tuskee) Accumulation of power, wealth, respect by practical effort [voluntary] Historian WEB DuBois (1868-1963), who believed that "equal talent and purpose consciousness will be obtained only when talented black people are permitted to learn art and science" in addition to voluntary dealings, [2]
Ironically, however, in 1968, black people were given the right to vote and provided serious protection against racial discrimination and new opportunities, and actually HBCU became the third era (1965 Higher Education Act Title Despite the government's support by III, the threat to debt, even survival was compromised as the proportion of blacks suddenly declined.In 1965-1969, about 80% - 99% of blacks were registered in HBCU Between 1970 and 2010, less than 10% of blacks were registered in the HBCU and many people are using the abolished public institutions, private institutions, community colleges, and two-year system.
It is not surprising that such decline, financial difficulties (especially among non-state support organizations) and some countries move to West Virginia State University or become a white institution, but not surprisingly, HBCU I also emphasize their mission and focus, and even the relevance to the 21st century America. Remaining fact - HBCU is E. HBCU is indispensable to the words of Senator Barbara Mikulski (D - MD) quoted by Dr. Lee Lassiter & Dr. Lassiter, 39; s, Coppin 's HBCU Roles of the National Salute dated September 1, 2006, "A 21st century work that all children chose to make sure they have a chance to succeed and have 21st century skills.
It is essential for HBCU to focus on minority education in all population groups, except that white and Asians regress in terms of generational academic performance. Per John Silvanus Wilson Jr., the academic outcomes between the historically black college of America and the third transformation (President, American Education Council, Winter 2010) generation is 35.5% -29 of all races 34.9% of all people over the age of 30 years (66.3% of the 25-29 years old, 54.5% of the young people over the age of 30, white people - 25.8% 29 years old versus 38.0% over 30 years old). When it became a Negro, Hispanic, American Indian, this number ranged from disappointed to disastrous. Blacks had the lowest erosion in 24.6% of the age group older than 30 years, whereas 24.3% of the age group from 25 to 29 years old had a degree in college. The target group educated by HBCU due to the official establishment of educational program at Hampshire University, 16.8% of Hispanic students aged 25-29 got a degree in college, while those over 30 years old 18.1%, American Indians 16.3% according to the needs of 1878 from 25 years old to 29 years old) got a university degree and 21.7% over 30 years old.
Secondly, according to the civilian bureau of the US Department of Education, more than 80% of blacks who got a degree in dentistry are cooperating with two HBCUs specializing in these fields (Howard University, Washington DC, Mary Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee). Currently, both schools occupy 19.7% of all medical and dental degrees given to black students. In addition, the HBCU has traditionally been taught by the White Army to teach at 75% of black officers in the US military, 75% of blacks in PhD, 80% of black people holding federal court positions and 50% of black teachers Did.
Third, HBCU continues to be at the forefront of black students studying science, technology, engineering, mathematics (STEM) degrees. This is the degree in the STEM field is important. (22% ~ 26% of students who received a bachelor's degree in computer science and mathematics), 70% of the growth of 18-24 years has declined significantly in the past 10 years These fields are described in refueling education reform Historically the Black College is made up of Steve Suits (Sweden, Atlanta, 3,2003), as is done by minority students (including a 19% increase due to black Americans of that age group) ), And graduate schools and doctoral students are highly evaluated. With this in mind, the era of HBCU's reconstruction is highly likely to focus on the STEM theme.
Additional benefits include smaller class sizes than traditional universities (which provide more personalized experience), community service opportunities to enrich both students and community members (eg mentor elementary, middle and high school students, charity Group Assistance) Choosing the right historical black college for you in the terms of Jeff McGuire, Historical Black College & University (College View, 18 December 2009), "They can not do diversity and talent I'm looking for a graduate school and recruitment recruiters Please find other places. "
The ultimate important reason HBCU plays an important role is to focus on the cultural and historical contributions of African Americans and ethnic minorities and the fact that it provides ethnic minorities People who experienced discrimination and inequality in part of their lives, those born in the post-civil era period, including the 1980s and 1990s) supported and repaired / maintained when they experienced academic challenges Because of the availability of the network and its available socio-economic and cultural background, I have more self-esteem. Mr. Cedar Lawrence, a recruiter at Fort Valley State University (Fort Valley, Georgia) said HBCU is "extremely open to discussing the problems facing colored people", " You can enjoy the family atmosphere without worrying about what you think about seed and other stereotypes.
In conclusion, the HBCU is relevant and necessary for the 21st century America. Course provision in the field of STEM, reduction in class size, repair / maintenance / support network, HBCU with diversity and openness is a community technology society of not only city America but also today and tomorrow's knowledge base. To cope with socioeconomic impediments where the constant efforts and contributions are actively disappointed and the intellectual, extremely psychologically and economically eradicated races may be regained, the HBCU is aimed at studying all racial students It is essential to ensure equal opportunities and a bright future for the future. The rich and historical history of HBCU clearly shows that regardless of economic class and competition, each dream is a powerful equalizer to minimize the realistic possibilities that may be realized It is.
[1] Lakisha Heard. Illiteracy of African American. December 18th 2009. http://www.oppers.com/essays/African-American-Literacy/261112
[2] Historically black universities and history history: a rich tradition of history. Image view. December 18, 2009 [http://www.collegeview.com/articles/CV/hbcu/hbcu_history.html]
